SHELL PLC 4th Quarter 2022 and Full year unaudited results

1.Q4 on Q3 change

Quarter Analysis1

Income attributable to Shell plc shareholders, compared with the third quarter 2022, mainly reflected higher LNG trading and optimisation results, favourable deferred tax movements, partly offset by lower realised oil and gas prices, and higher operating expenses.

Fourth quarter 2022 income attributable to Shell plc shareholders also included net gains of $4.2 billion due to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives, partly offset by charges of $1.9 billion related to the EU solidarity contribution and the UK Energy Profits Levy, and impairment charges of $0.7 billion. These gains and losses are included in identified items amounting to a net gain of $1.5 billion in the quarter. This compares with identified items in the third quarter 2022 which amounted to a net charge of $1.4 billion.

Adjusted Earnings and Adjusted EBITDA2 were driven by the same factors as income attributable to Shell plc shareholders and adjusted for the above identified items and the cost of supplies adjustment of positive $0.9 billion.

Cash flow from operating activities for the fourth quarter 2022 was $22.4 billion, and included working capital inflows of $10.4 billion, and tax payments of $4.4 billion. The working capital inflows were mainly driven by higher initial margin inflows, lower prices on crude inventories, a decrease in accounts receivable, and cash relating to joint ventures.
Cash flow from investing activities for the quarter was an outflow of $6.9 billion and included capital expenditure of $6.4 billion.

Net debt and Gearing: At the end of the fourth quarter 2022, net debt was $44.8 billion, compared with $48.3 billion at the end of the third quarter 2022, mainly reflecting higher free cash flow. Gearing was 18.9% at the end of the fourth quarter 2022, compared with 20.3% at the end of the third quarter 2022, driven by net debt reduction and higher income which resulted in higher equity.

Shareholder distributions

Total shareholder distributions in the quarter amounted to $6.3 billion. Dividends declared to Shell plc shareholders for the fourth quarter 2022 amount to $0.2875 per share. Shell has now completed the $4 billion of share buybacks announced in the third quarter 2022 results announcement. Today, Shell announces a share buyback programme of $4 billion which is expected to be completed by the first quarter 2023 results announcement.

Full Year Analysis1

Full year income attributable to Shell plc shareholders, compared with the full year 2021, reflected higher realised prices, higher refining margins, and higher trading and optimisation results (mainly related to Integrated Gas, Chemicals and Products and Renewables and Energy Solutions), partly offset by lower volumes, and lower chemicals margins.

Full year 2022 income attributable to Shell plc shareholders also included net gains of $3.4 billion due to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives, charges of $2.3 billion related to the EU solidarity contribution and the UK Energy Profits Levy, and net impairment reversals of $0.7 billion. These gains and losses are included in identified items amounting to a net gain of $1.2 billion in the full year 2022. This compares with identified items in the full year 2021 which amounted to a net charge of $2.2 billion.

Adjusted Earnings and Adjusted EBITDA2 for the full year 2022 were driven by the same factors as income attributable to Shell plc shareholders and adjusted for identified items and the cost of supplies adjustment of negative $1.2 billion.
Cash flow from operating activities for the full year 2022 was $68.4 billion, and reflected working capital outflows of $5.4 billion, and tax payments of $13.1 billion.

Cash flow from investing activities for the full year 2022 was an outflow of $22.4 billion and included capital expenditure of $22.6 billion.

This announcement, together with supplementary financial and operational disclosure and a separate press release for this quarter, is available at www.shell.com/investors3.

1. All earnings amounts are shown post-tax, unless stated otherwise.
2. Adjusted EBITDA is without taxation.
3. Not incorporated by reference.

FOURTH QUARTER 2022 PORTFOLIO DEVELOPMENTS

Withdrawal from Russian oil and gas activities

We refer to Note 8 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Integrated Gas

In October 2022, QatarEnergy selected us as a partner in the North Field South LNG project in Qatar. Shell will obtain a 9.375% participating interest in the 16 mtpa project.
Upstream

In November 2022, we completed the sale of our 100% shareholding in Shell Philippines Exploration B.V. to Malampaya Energy XP Pte Ltd.

In December 2022, we announced that Sarawak Shell Berhad, a subsidiary of Shell plc, had agreed to sell its stake in two offshore production-sharing contracts in the Baram Delta to Petroleum Sarawak Exploration & Production Sdn. Bhd.

Marketing

In November 2022, we agreed to acquire 100% shareholding of Nature Energy Biogas A/S for nearly $2 billion. The transaction is subject to regulatory approvals and is expected to close in the first quarter 2023.

Chemicals and Products

In October 2022, we announced that Shell USA, Inc. and Shell Midstream Partners, L.P. had completed the definitive agreement and plan of merger announced in July 2022, pursuant to which Shell USA, Inc. acquired all of the common units representing limited partner interests in Shell Midstream Partners, L.P. not held by Shell USA, Inc. or its affiliates.

In November 2022, we announced the commencement of operations at our Pennsylvania Chemical project, Shell Polymers Monaca.

Renewables and Energy Solutions

In December 2022, we announced that Shell and Eneco had won the tender to develop a 760 MW offshore wind farm at Hollandse Kust (west) VI in the Netherlands.

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PERFORMANCE BY SEGMENT

1.Q4 on Q3 change

The Integrated Gas segment includes liquefied natural gas (LNG), conversion of natural gas into gas-to-liquids (GTL) fuels and other products. The segment includes natural gas and liquids exploration and extraction, and the operation of the upstream and midstream infrastructure necessary to deliver gas and liquids to market as well as the marketing, trading and optimisation of LNG, including LNG as a fuel for heavy-duty vehicles.

Quarter Analysis1

Segment earnings, compared with the third quarter 2022, reflected the net effect of higher contributions from trading and optimisation and realised prices (increase of $2,855 million), and favourable deferred tax movements (increase of $516 million), partly offset by lower volumes (decrease of $363 million) mainly reflecting longer than expected maintenance at Prelude and operational issues at QGC. The trading and optimisation contributions were driven by seasonality combined with capturing optimisation opportunities generated through the scale and scope of our LNG trading portfolio.

Fourth quarter 2022 segment earnings also included charges of $708 million due to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives. As part of Shell's normal business, commodity derivative hedge contracts are entered into for mitigation of economic exposures on future purchases and sales. As these commodity derivatives are measured at fair value, this creates an accounting mismatch over periods. These charges are part of identified items and compare with the third quarter 2022 which included gains of $3,419 million due to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives.

Adjusted Earnings and Adjusted EBITDA2 were driven by the same factors as the segment earnings and adjusted for identified items.

Cash flow from operating activities for the quarter was primarily driven by Adjusted EBITDA, partly offset by net cash outflows related to derivatives (outflow of $949 million), and tax payments (outflow of $712 million).

Total oil and gas production, compared with the third quarter 2022, decreased by 1% mainly due to longer maintenance at Prelude, and operational issues at QGC, partly offset by a comparative gain related to "Protected Industrial Actions" at Prelude in the third quarter. LNG liquefaction volumes decreased by 6% mainly due to higher unplanned maintenance, and lower feedgas supply, partly offset by a comparative gain related to "Protected Industrial Actions" at Prelude in the third quarter.

Full Year Analysis1

Segment earnings, compared with the full year 2021, reflected the combined effect of higher realised prices and higher contributions from trading and optimisation (increase of $8,588 million), partly offset by lower volumes (decrease of $1,295 million) and higher operating expenses (increase of $478 million).

Full year 2022 segment earnings also included gains of $6,273 million due to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives and net impairment reversals of $779 million, partly offset by other impacts of $608 million, which mainly comprised loan write-downs, and charges of $387 million due to provisions for onerous contracts. These gains and losses are part of identified items and compare with the full year 2021 which included losses of $1,423 million due to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives and impairment charges of $395 million, partly offset by gains of $1,097 million related to the sale of assets.

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Adjusted Earnings and Adjusted EBITDA2 were driven by the same factors as the segment earnings and adjusted for identified items.

Cash flow from operating activities for the full year 2022 was primarily driven by Adjusted EBITDA and net cash inflows related to derivatives (inflow of $6,104 million), partly offset by tax payments (outflow of $2,824 million) and working capital movements (outflow of $1,412 million).

Total oil and gas production, compared with the full year 2021, decreased by 8% mainly due to derecognition of Sakhalin-related volumes, production-sharing contract effects, partly offset by new field ramp-up in Trinidad and Tobago. LNG liquefaction volumes decreased by 4% mainly due to the derecognition of Sakhalin-related volumes, and lower feedgas supply, partly offset by lower maintenance.

1. All earnings amounts are shown post-tax, unless stated otherwise.
2. Adjusted EBITDA is without taxation.

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1.Q4 on Q3 change
The Upstream segment includes exploration and extraction of crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids. It also markets and transports oil and gas, and operates the infrastructure necessary to deliver them to the market.

Quarter Analysis1

Segment earnings, compared with the third quarter 2022, were mainly driven by lower oil and gas prices (decrease of $1,849 million) and the comparative adverse impacts of the one-off non-cash provision release (decrease of $503 million) and storage transfer effects, included in the share of profit of joint ventures and associates (decrease of $609 million), in the third quarter.
Fourth quarter 2022 segment earnings also included charges of $1,385 million relating to the EU solidarity contribution and $441 million relating to the UK Energy Profits Levy, partly offset by gains of $304 million due to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives. These gains and losses are part of identified items, and compare with the third quarter 2022 which included a gain of $312 million due to the impact of the discount rate change on provisions and charges of $361 million relating to the UK Energy Profits Levy and an impairment charge of $303 million.

Adjusted Earnings and Adjusted EBITDA2 were driven by the same factors as the segment earnings and adjusted for identified items.

Cash flow from operating activities for the quarter was primarily driven by Adjusted EBITDA, partly offset by tax payments of $3,364 million.

Total production, compared with the third quarter 2022, increased mainly due to lower scheduled maintenance and lower unscheduled deferment.

Full Year Analysis1

Segment earnings, compared with the full year 2021, mainly reflected higher realised oil and gas prices (increase of $8,838 million) and a gain of $1,066 million relating to storage and working gas transfer effects, partly offset by lower volumes (reduction of $2,458 million), mainly as a result of divestments.

Full year 2022 segment earnings also included a gain from net impairment reversals of $853 million and charges of $1,385 million relating to the EU solidarity contribution and $802 million relating to the UK Energy Profits Levy. These gains and losses are part of identified items, and compare with the full year 2021 which included a net gain of $3,261 million related to the sale of assets (mainly related to the sale of the Permian business in the USA), partly offset by impairment charges of $633 million, losses of $393 million due to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives, and legal provisions of $287 million.

Adjusted Earnings and Adjusted EBITDA2 were driven by the same factors as the segment earnings and adjusted for identified items.

Cash flow from operating activities for the full year 2022 was primarily driven by Adjusted EBITDA, partly offset by the timing impact of dividends from joint ventures and associates of $2,650 million and tax payments of $9,423 million.

Total production, compared with the full year 2021, decreased due to the impact of divestments and scheduled maintenance. The impact of field decline was more than offset by growth from new fields.

1. All earnings amounts are shown post-tax, unless stated otherwise.
2. Adjusted EBITDA is without taxation.

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1. Q4 on Q3 change
2. Segment earnings, Adjusted Earnings and Adjusted EBITDA are presented on a CCS basis (see Note 2).

The Marketing segment comprises the Mobility, Lubricants, and Sectors & Decarbonisation businesses. The Mobility business operates Shell’s retail network including electric vehicle charging services. The Lubricants business produces, markets and sells lubricants for road transport, and machinery used in manufacturing, mining, power generation, agriculture and construction. The Sectors & Decarbonisation business sells fuels, speciality products and services including low-carbon energy solutions to a broad range of commercial customers including the aviation, shipping, commercial road transport and agricultural sectors.

Quarter Analysis1

Segment earnings, compared with the third quarter 2022, reflected lower Marketing margins (decrease of $201 million) mainly driven by seasonal impacts in Mobility, and higher operating expenses (increase of $177 million).

Fourth quarter 2022 segment earnings also included impairment charges of $85 million. These charges are part of identified items.

Adjusted Earnings and Adjusted EBITDA2 were driven by the same factors as the segment earnings and adjusted for identified items.

Cash flow from operating activities for the quarter was primarily driven by Adjusted EBITDA, working capital inflows of $231 million, and dividends from joint ventures and associates of $108 million, partly offset by tax payments of $160 million and non-cash cost-of-sales adjustments of $123 million.

Marketing sales volumes (comprising hydrocarbon sales), compared with the third quarter 2022, decreased mainly due to seasonal effects.

Full Year Analysis1

Segment earnings, compared with the full year 2021, reflected higher operating expenses (increase of $704 million) including the effects of higher volumes, partly offset by higher Marketing margins (increase of $171 million).
Full year 2022 segment earnings also included net losses of $321 million from impairments, net losses of $135 million related to the sale of assets, and provisions for onerous contracts of $62 million. These net losses are part of identified items and compare with the full year 2021 which included gains of $290 million mainly related to the dilution of Shell's interest in the Raizen joint venture, charges of $109 million related to redundancy and restructuring costs, and impairment charges of $106 million.

Adjusted Earnings and Adjusted EBITDA2 were driven by the same factors as the segment earnings and adjusted for identified items.

Cash flow from operating activities for the full year 2022 was primarily driven by Adjusted EBITDA, and non-cash cost-of-sales adjustments of $568 million, partly offset by working capital outflows of $3,074 million, and tax payments of $494 million.

Marketing sales volumes (comprising hydrocarbon sales), compared with the full year 2021, increased mainly due to demand recovery in Aviation (within Sectors & Decarbonisation).

1. All earnings amounts are shown post-tax, unless stated otherwise.
2. Adjusted EBITDA is without taxation.

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1. Q4 on Q3 change
2. Segment earnings, Adjusted Earnings and Adjusted EBITDA are presented on a CCS basis (see Note 2).

The Chemicals and Products segment includes chemicals manufacturing plants with their own marketing network, and refineries which turn crude oil and other feedstocks into a range of oil products which are moved and marketed around the world for domestic, industrial and transport use. The segment also includes the Pipeline business, Trading of crude oil, oil products and petrochemicals, and Oil Sands activities (the extraction of bitumen from mined oil sands and its conversion into synthetic crude oil).

Quarter Analysis1

Segment earnings, compared with the third quarter 2022, reflected higher operating expenses (increase of $213 million), and higher depreciation charges (increase of $101 million), with both operating expenses and depreciation including the start-up of operations at Shell Polymers Monaca. These increases were partly offset by favourable deferred tax movements (increase of $230 million). Margins were in line with the third quarter 2022, with higher Refining margins offset by lower contributions from trading and optimisation.

Fourth quarter 2022 segment earnings also included losses of $214 million due to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives, legal provisions of $86 million, impairment charges of $84 million and tax charges relating to the EU solidarity contribution of $74 million. These charges are part of identified items, and compare with the third quarter 2022 which included gains of $226 million due to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives.
Adjusted Earnings and Adjusted EBITDA2 were driven by the same factors as the segment earnings and adjusted for identified items. Adjusted Earnings for the fourth quarter were a loss of $688 million for Chemicals and earnings of $1,432 million for Products.

Cash flow from operating activities for the quarter was primarily driven by working capital inflows of $3,074 million, Adjusted EBITDA, and dividends from joint ventures and associates of $176 million, partly offset by non-cash cost-of-sales adjustments of $1,108 million, the timing of payments relating to emissions and biofuel programmes of $384 million, and tax payments of $217 million.

Chemicals manufacturing plant utilisation was 75% (previous methodology: 69%) compared with 76% (previous methodology: 70%) in the third quarter 2022.

Refinery utilisation was 90% (previous methodology: 77%) compared with 88% (previous methodology: 79%) in the third quarter 2022, due to lower unplanned maintenance.

With effect from the second quarter 2022, the methodology applied in calculating both Chemicals manufacturing plant utilisation and Refinery utilisation has been revised to further align with industry disclosures. The revisions include moving from stream days capacity (defined as the maximum throughput, excluding the impact of maintenance or operational outages) to calendar days capacity (defined as the throughput including typical limitations such as maintenance over an extended period of time). Furthermore, Refinery utilisation is now specific to the capacity of the crude distillation unit (except for Scotford Refinery which uses the capacity of the hydrocracker), and no longer the capacity across all refinery units.
Full Year Analysis1

Segment earnings, compared with the full year 2021, reflected higher Products margins (increase of $5,721 million) reflecting higher Refining margins and higher contributions from trading and optimisation, lower tax charges (decrease of $300 million), as well as lower depreciation charges (decrease of $175 million). These were partly offset by lower Chemicals margins (decrease of $2,705 million) and higher operating expenses (increase of $822 million).

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Full year 2022 segment earnings also included impairment charges of $226 million, legal provisions of $149 million, losses of $147 million related to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives, tax charges relating to the EU solidarity contribution of $74 million, gains of $223 million related to the sale of assets, and gains of $104 million related to the remeasurement of redundancy and restructuring costs. These gains and losses are part of identified items, and compare with the full year 2021 which included impairment charges of $1,814 million, charges of $82 million related to provisions for onerous contracts, and gains of $160 million related to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives.
Adjusted Earnings and Adjusted EBITDA2 were driven by the same factors as the segment earnings and adjusted for identified items. Adjusted Earnings for the full year 2022 were a loss of $1,371 million for Chemicals and earnings of $6,090 million for Products.

Cash flow from operating activities for the full year 2022 was primarily driven by Adjusted EBITDA, non-cash cost-of-sales adjustments of $1,187 million, the timing of payments relating to emissions and biofuel programmes of $1,169 million, working capital inflows of $757 million, dividends from joint ventures and associates of $694 million, and a long-term payable for a volume purchase contract of $507 million.

Chemicals manufacturing plant utilisation was 79% (previous methodology: 72%) compared with 85% (previous methodology: 78%) in the full year 2021, due to higher turnarounds and optimisation for the low-margin environment during the full year 2022.

Refinery utilisation was 86% (previous methodology: 74%) compared with 80% (previous methodology: 72%) in the full year 2021, due to lower unplanned maintenance, and lower turnarounds.

1. All earnings amounts are shown post-tax, unless stated otherwise.
2. Adjusted EBITDA is without taxation.

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1.Q4 on Q3 change
2.Physical power sales to third parties; excluding financial trades and physical trade with brokers, investors, financial institutions, trading platforms, and wholesale traders.
3.Physical natural gas sales to third parties; excluding financial trades and physical trade with brokers, investors, financial institutions, trading platforms, and wholesale traders. Excluding sales of natural gas by other segments and LNG sales.
The Renewables and Energy Solutions segment includes Shell’s Integrated Power activities, comprising electricity generation, marketing, trading and optimisation of power and pipeline gas, and digitally enabled customer solutions. The segment also includes production and marketing of hydrogen, development of commercial carbon capture & storage hubs, trading of carbon credits and investment in nature-based projects that avoid or reduce carbon.

Quarter Analysis1

Segment earnings, compared with the third quarter 2022, reflected higher trading and optimisation results mainly driven by the European market, partly offset by the American market as significant price volatility continued. The fourth quarter 2022 also included higher operating expenses.
Fourth quarter 2022 segment earnings also included net gains of $4,748 million due to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives, and impairment charges of $361 million mainly in Europe. As part of Shell's normal business, commodity derivative hedge contracts are entered into for mitigation of economic exposures on future purchases, sales and inventory. As these commodity derivatives are measured at fair value, this creates an accounting mismatch over periods. These net gains are part of identified items and compare with the third quarter 2022 which included net losses of $4,414 million due to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives.

Adjusted Earnings and Adjusted EBITDA2 were driven by the same factors as the segment earnings and adjusted for identified items.

Cash flow from operating activities for the quarter was primarily driven by working capital movements (inflow of $3,579 million), and Adjusted EBITDA, partly offset by net cash outflows related to derivatives (outflow of $1,322 million).

Full Year Analysis1

Segment earnings, compared with the full year 2021, reflected higher trading and optimisation results for gas and power mainly in Europe driven by price volatility, partly offset by higher operating expenses as a result of business growth and acquisitions.

Full year 2022 segment earnings also included net losses of $2,443 million due to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives, and impairment charges of $361 million mainly in Europe. These losses are part of identified items and compare with the full year 2021 which included net losses of $1,219 million due to the fair value accounting of commodity derivatives.

Adjusted Earnings and Adjusted EBITDA2 were driven by the same factors as the segment earnings and adjusted for identified items.
Cash flow from operating activities for the full year 2022 was primarily driven by net cash outflows related to derivatives (outflow of $4,998 million), and working capital movements (outflow of $3,676 million), partly offset by Adjusted EBITDA.

1. All earnings amounts are shown post-tax, unless stated otherwise.
2. Adjusted EBITDA is without taxation.

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Additional Growth Measures

1. Q4 on Q3 change
2. Shell's equity share of renewable generation capacity post commercial operation date. It excludes Shell's equity share of associates where information cannot be obtained and prior period comparatives have been revised accordingly.
3. Shell's equity share of renewable generation capacity under construction and/or committed for sale under long-term offtake agreements (PPA). It excludes Shell's equity share of associates where information cannot be obtained and prior period comparatives have been revised accordingly.

The Corporate segment covers the non-operating activities supporting Shell, comprising Shell’s holdings and treasury organisation, its self-insurance activities and its headquarters and central functions. All finance expense and income and related taxes are included in Corporate segment earnings rather than in the earnings of business segments.

Quarter Analysis1

Segment earnings, compared with the third quarter 2022, reflected unfavourable movements in the net interest expense, partly offset by favourable currency exchange rate effects.

Adjusted EBITDA2 was mainly driven by favourable currency exchange effects.
Full Year Analysis1

Segment earnings, compared with the full year 2021, reflected by favourable movements in the net interest expense, partly offset by lower tax credits and unfavourable currency exchange rate effects.

Adjusted EBITDA was mainly driven by unfavourable currency exchange effects.

1. All earnings amounts are shown post-tax, unless stated otherwise.
2. Adjusted EBITDA is without taxation.

PRELIMINARY RESERVES UPDATE

When final volumes are reported in the 2022 Annual Report and Accounts and 2022 Form 20-F, Shell expects that SEC proved oil and gas reserves additions before taking into account production will be approximately 1.3 billion boe, and that 2022 production will be approximately 1.1 billion boe. As a result, total proved reserves on an SEC basis are expected to be approximately 9.6 billion boe. Acquisitions and divestments of 2022 reserves are expected to account for a net increase of approximately 1.0 billion boe.

The proved Reserves Replacement Ratio on an SEC basis is expected to be 120% for the year and 58% for the 3-year average. Excluding the impact of acquisitions and divestments, the proved Reserves Replacement Ratio is expected to be 26% for the year and 39% for the 3-year average.

Further information will be provided in the 2022 Annual Report and Accounts and 2022 Form 20-F, which are expected to be filed in March 2023.

OUTLOOK FOR THE FIRST QUARTER 2023

Cash capital expenditure is expected to be within the $23 - 27 billion range for the full year.

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Integrated Gas production is expected to be approximately 910 - 970 thousand boe/d. LNG liquefaction volumes are expected to be approximately 6.6 - 7.2 million tonnes.

Upstream production is expected to be approximately 1,750 - 1,950 thousand boe/d.

Marketing sales volumes are expected to be approximately 2,150 - 2,650 thousand b/d.

Refinery utilisation is expected to be approximately 87% - 95%. Chemicals manufacturing plant utilisation is expected to be approximately 68% - 76%. The utilisation ranges presented use the revised methodology (please refer to 'Chemicals and Products' in the 'Performance by Segment' section).

Corporate Adjusted Earnings are expected to be a net expense of approximately $400 - $600 million in the first quarter 2023 and a net expense of approximately $1,700 - $2,300 million for the full year 2023. This excludes the impact of currency exchange rate effects.

FORTHCOMING EVENTS

The “Shell LNG Outlook 2023” event is scheduled on February 16, 2023. The “Annual ESG Update” event is scheduled on March 22, 2023. First quarter 2023 results and dividends are scheduled to be announced on May 4, 2023. The Annual General Meeting is scheduled on May 23, 2023. The “Capital Markets Day 2023” event is scheduled on June 14, 2023. Second quarter 2023 and half year results and dividends are scheduled to be announced on July 27, 2023. Third quarter 2023 results and dividends are scheduled to be announced on November 2, 2023.

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UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1.    See Note 2 “Segment information”.
2.    See Note 7 “Other notes to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”.
3.    See Note 3 “Earnings per share”.
4.    See Note 8 “Withdrawal from Russian oil and gas activities”.

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1.     See Note 7 “Other notes to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”.
2.     See Note 6 “Derivative financial instruments and debt excluding lease liabilities”.

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1.     See Note 4 “Share capital”.
2.     See Note 5 “Other reserves”.
3. The amount charged to retained earnings is based on prevailing exchange rates on payment date.
4. Includes shares committed to repurchase under an irrevocable contract and repurchases subject to settlement at the end of the quarter.
5. See Note 7 “Other notes to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”.

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1. See Note 7 “Other notes to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”.
2. Cash dividends paid represents the payment of net dividends (after deduction of withholding taxes where applicable) and payment of withholding taxes on dividends paid in the previous quarter.

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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Basis of preparation

These unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of Shell plc (“the Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as “Shell”) have been prepared on the basis of the same accounting principles as those used in the Company's Annual Report and Accounts (pages 228 to 283) and Form 20-F (pages 204 to 261) for the year ended December 31, 2021 as filed with the Registrar of Companies for England and Wales, the Autoriteit Financiële Markten (the Netherlands) and the US Securities and Exchange Commission, and should be read in conjunction with these filings.

The financial information presented in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements does not constitute statutory accounts within the meaning of section 434(3) of the Companies Act 2006 (“the Act”). Statutory accounts for the year ended December 31, 2021 were published in Shell’s Annual Report and Accounts, a copy of which was delivered to the Registrar of Companies for England and Wales, and in Shell's Form 20-F. The auditor’s report on those accounts was unqualified, did not include a reference to any matters to which the auditor drew attention by way of emphasis without qualifying the report and did not contain a statement under sections 498(2) or 498(3) of the Act. The statutory accounts for the year ended December 31, 2022 will be delivered to the Registrar of Companies for England and Wales in due course.

Key accounting considerations, significant judgements and estimates

Future long-term commodity price assumptions and management’s view on the future development of refining margins represent a significant estimate. Future long-term commodity price assumptions were subject to change in the second quarter 2022. These assumptions continue to apply for impairment testing purposes in the fourth quarter 2022.

The discount rate applied to provisions is reviewed on a regular basis. The discount rate was reviewed and adjusted in the third quarter 2022. See Note 7.
Changes to IFRS not yet adopted

IFRS 17 Insurance contracts was issued in 2017, with amendments published in 2020 and 2021, and is required to be adopted for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023. Shell is in the process of implementing the standard. The standard is not expected to have a significant effect on future financial reporting.

2. Segment information

As from January 1, 2022, onwards reporting segments are aligned with Shell’s Powering Progress strategy. The Renewables and Energy Solutions business is now reported separately from Integrated Gas. Oil Products and Chemicals were reorganised into two segments – Marketing and Chemicals and Products. The shales assets in Canada are now reported as part of the Integrated Gas segment instead of the Upstream segment. Prior period comparatives have been revised to conform with current year presentation. The reporting segment changes have no impact at a Shell Group level.

Segment earnings are presented on a current cost of supplies basis (CCS earnings), which is the earnings measure used by the Chief Executive Officer for the purposes of making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance. On this basis, the purchase price of volumes sold during the period is based on the current cost of supplies during the same period after making allowance for the tax effect. CCS earnings therefore exclude the effect of changes in the oil price on inventory carrying amounts. Sales between segments are based on prices generally equivalent to commercially available prices.

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1.Includes revenue from sources other than from contracts with customers, which mainly comprises the impact of fair value accounting of commodity derivatives. Fourth quarter 2022 included income of $10,371 million (Q3 2022: $440 million loss; Q4 2021: $4,287 million income). This amount includes both the reversal of prior losses of $621 million (Q3 2022: $4,233 million losses; Q4 2021: $2,860 million losses) related to sales contracts and prior losses of $1,032 million (Q3 2022: $4,114 million gains; Q4 2021: $2,476 million gains) related to purchase contracts that were previously recognised and where physical settlement took place in the fourth quarter 2022.

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3. Earnings per share

4. Share capital

1. Share capital at December 31, 2022 also included 50,000 issued and fully paid sterling deferred shares of £1 each.
On January 29, 2022, as part of the simplification announced on December 20, 2021, the Company's A shares and B shares assimilated into a single line of ordinary shares. This is reflected in the above table.

At Shell plc’s Annual General Meeting on May 24, 2022, the Board was authorised to allot ordinary shares in Shell plc, and to grant rights to subscribe for, or to convert, any security into ordinary shares in Shell plc, up to an aggregate nominal amount of €177 million (representing 2,530 million ordinary shares of €0.07 each), and to list such shares or rights on any stock exchange. This authority expires at the earlier of the close of business on August 24, 2023, and the end of the Annual General Meeting to be held in 2023, unless previously renewed, revoked or varied by Shell plc in a general meeting.

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5. Other reserves

The merger reserve and share premium reserve were established as a consequence of Shell plc (formerly Royal Dutch Shell plc) becoming the single parent company of Royal Dutch Petroleum Company and The “Shell” Transport and Trading Company, p.l.c., now The Shell Transport and Trading Company Limited, in 2005. The merger reserve increased in 2016 following the issuance of shares for the acquisition of BG Group plc. The capital redemption reserve was established in connection with repurchases of shares of Shell plc. The share plan reserve is in respect of equity-settled share-based compensation plans.

6. Derivative financial instruments and debt excluding lease liabilities

As disclosed in the Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, presented in the Annual Report and Accounts and Form 20-F for that year, Shell is exposed to the risks of changes in fair value of its financial assets and liabilities. The fair values of the financial assets and liabilities are defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair values at December 31, 2022, are consistent with those used in the year ended December 31, 2021, though the carrying amounts of derivative financial instruments measured using predominantly unobservable inputs have changed since that date.

The table below provides the comparison of the fair value with the carrying amount of debt excluding lease liabilities, disclosed in accordance with IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures.

1.    Mainly determined from the prices quoted for these securities.

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7. Other notes to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Statement of Income

Interest and other income

For the full year 2022, Other includes the write-down of the loan to Nord Stream 2 amounting to $1,126 million. See Note 8.
Depreciation, depletion and amortisation

Impairments in the fourth quarter 2022 mainly relate to Renewables and Energy Solutions, Chemicals and Products and Upstream. Impairments in the full year 2022 mainly related to the withdrawal from Russian oil and gas activities (see Note 8) and Upstream. Gains in 2022 from reversals of impairments mainly related to Integrated Gas and Upstream.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet

Application of IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies

As from the second quarter 2022, Shell applies IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies (IAS 29) for its Turkish lira functional currency entities. The application of IAS 29 had no significant impact.

Taxation

The presentation in the balance sheet takes into consideration the offsetting of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities within the same tax jurisdiction, where this is permitted. The overall deferred tax position in a particular tax jurisdiction determines if a deferred tax balance related to that jurisdiction is presented within deferred tax assets or deferred tax liabilities.

Shell's net deferred tax position was a liability of $8,371 million at December 31, 2022 (December 31, 2021: $121 million). The increase in the net liability since December 31, 2021, was mainly driven by a reduction of the deferred tax asset due to the utilisation of tax losses ($4,406 million), impairment reversals ($1,740 million), an increase of deferred tax liabilities on

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pensions ($1,223 million) and remeasurement of deferred tax liabilities due to a tax rate change ($802 million), partly offset by recognition of deferred tax assets based on future profit forecast ($1,045 million).
On July 14, 2022, the Energy (Oil & Gas) Profits Levy Act 2022 (EPL) was enacted in the UK which applies an additional tax of 25% on the profits earned by oil and gas companies from the production of oil and gas on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf. In the fourth quarter 2022, the EPL percentage was increased to 35% and the end date was extended from December 31, 2025 to March 31, 2028. The enactment of the EPL principally led to remeasurement of deferred tax positions resulting in a charge of $441 million in the fourth quarter 2022 (third quarter 2022: $361 million).

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) was enacted in the USA. As from 2023, under the IRA a Corporate Minimum Tax on Book Earnings (BMT) applies a 15% tax on adjusted financial statement income. The enactment of the IRA had no impact in 2022.

In the fourth quarter 2022, EU member states transposed the "Council Regulation on an emergency intervention to address high energy prices" (EU solidarity contribution) into national laws. This resulted in a charge of $1,468 million in the fourth quarter recognised in the income statement in Share of profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates and in the taxation charge.

Assets classified as held for sale

Assets classified as held for sale and associated liabilities at December 31, 2022 principally relate to three Upstream projects held for sale. The major classes of assets and liabilities classified as held for sale are Property, plant and equipment ($2,526 million; December 31, 2021: $896 million), Decommissioning and other provisions ($1,105 million; December 31, 2021: $229 million) and Trade and other payables ($278 million; December 31, 2021: $375 million).

Retirement benefits

Amounts recognised in the balance sheet in relation to defined benefit plans include both plan assets and obligations that are presented on a net basis on a plan-by-plan basis. The change of the net retirement benefit liability as at December 31, 2021, into the net retirement benefit asset as at December 31, 2022, is mainly driven by an increase of the market yield on high-quality corporate bonds in the USA, the UK and Eurozone, partly offset by an increase in long-term Eurozone inflation rate expectations, experience losses due to high short-term inflation and losses on plan assets.

Decommissioning and other provisions

The discount rate applied since September 30, 2022 was 3.25% (June 30, 2022: 2.0%, December 31, 2021: 2.0%). Non-current decommissioning and other provisions decreased by $3,383 million at September 30, 2022 as a result of the change in the discount rate.

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Non-controlling interest

The decrease in the non-controlling interest is mainly attributable to the acquisition of the non-controlling interest in Shell Midstream Partners, L.P. for a cash consideration of $1,974 million in the fourth quarter 2022.

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

Cash flow from operating activities - Other

Cash flow from operating activities - Other for the fourth quarter 2022 includes $541 million of net outflows (third quarter 2022: $625 million net inflows; fourth quarter 2021: $1,129 million net outflows) due to the timing of payments relating to emissions and biofuel programmes in Europe and North America and $683 million in relation to reversal of currency gains on Cash and cash equivalents (third quarter 2022: $478 million reversal of currency losses; fourth quarter 2021: $66 million reversal of currency losses). In the first quarter 2022, it also included $1,126 million for the write-down of the Nord Stream 2 loan (see Note 8).
8. Withdrawal from Russian oil and gas activities

Following the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, Shell announced in the first quarter 2022 its intent to:
a.withdraw from its ventures in Russia with Gazprom and related entities, and to end its involvement in the Nord Stream 2 pipeline project;
b.withdraw from its service station and lubricants operations in Russia; and
c.withdraw in a phased manner from its involvement in all Russian hydrocarbons, including crude oil, petroleum products, gas and LNG, aligned with new government guidance.

Since these announcements:
•Shell stopped all spot purchases of Russian crude, liquefied natural gas, and of cargoes of refined products directly exported from Russia. Shell has not renewed any long-term contracts for Russian crude, but was still legally obliged to take delivery of crude bought under contracts that were signed before the invasion.
•All of Shell's long-term 3rd party purchases of Russian crude have stopped (when contractually allowed and all by the end of 2022).
•All of Shell's contracts to purchase refined products exported from Russia have also ended.
•Shell's two pipeline gas contracts terminated by the end of 2022.
•Shell still holds two long-term LNG offtake contracts with Russian entities, accounted for as regular sales and purchase contracts. The counterparty in one of these contracts stopped delivering cargoes to Shell in the third quarter 2022.
•Shell sold its service station and lubricants operations in Russia in the second quarter 2022.

These actions led to recognition of net pre-tax charges of $4,235 million (post-tax: $3,894 million) in the first quarter 2022, net pre-tax negative charges of $111 million (post-tax: $136 million) in the second quarter 2022, net pre-tax negative charges of $55 million (post-tax: $55 million) in the third quarter 2022 and net pre-tax charges of $101 million (post-tax: $101 million) in the fourth quarter 2022. These were recognised in:

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1.Mainly relating to a provision.

In relation to the assets with a potential exposure to Shell's intended withdrawal from all Russian hydrocarbons, including those assets for which the above charges were recognised during the year, there is a $0.1 billion balance sheet carrying amount as at December 31, 2022 (September 30, 2022: $0 billion, June 30, 2022: $0.2 billion; March 31, 2022: $1 billion).

Further details are provided below.

Integrated Gas

Sakhalin-2
Shell holds a 27.5% (minus one share) interest in Sakhalin Energy Investment Company Ltd. (SEIC). Other ownership interests were Gazprom 50% (plus one share), Mitsui 12.5% and Mitsubishi 10%. Up to March 31, 2022, this investment was accounted for as an associate applying the equity method. Following the first quarter announcements, the recoverable amount of the investment was estimated as the risk-adjusted dividends declared on Sakhalin's 2021 results, of which the first part was received in April 2022. This resulted in recognition of an impairment charge of $1,614 million in the first quarter 2022. Significant influence over the Sakhalin-2 investment was lost from April 1, 2022, with the resignation of Shell's executive directors and withdrawal of managerial and technical staff, leading to recognition, without financial impact, of the investment as a financial asset accounted for at fair value from that date, with subsequent changes in fair value recognised in other comprehensive income.

On June 30, 2022, a Russian Presidential Decree was passed requiring the transfer of all licences, rights and obligations of SEIC into a newly-created Russian company (LLC) that would assume the rights and obligations of SEIC. The decree stated that the foreign shareholders would be invited to apply for shares in that entity equivalent to their shareholding in SEIC. Following the receipt of dividends in the second quarter 2022 and the Presidential Decree, appropriate fair value adjustments to the investment value have been recognised, against other comprehensive income.

Shell understands that pursuant to the Presidential Decree, all licences, assets, rights and obligations of SEIC were purportedly transferred to the LLC on August 17, 2022. On September 1, 2022, Shell formally advised the Russian Federation (RFG) that it would not apply for shares in the LLC, that it objected to the purported transfers from SEIC to the LLC and that it reserved all rights and remedies. Shell understands the RFG has commenced a process to sell those shares in the LLC which Shell did not apply for. This process was expected to be completed in the first quarter 2023, but the decree was amended in January 2023 to remove the timeline. Pursuant to the Presidential Decree, the RFG is also expected to conduct an audit of 'the activities of foreign shareholders in SEIC and/or individuals', based on which the RFG will determine the 'amount of damage caused' and 'persons liable to indemnify it'. The carrying value of the investment is zero as at December 31, 2022 (September 30, 2022: zero).

Nord Stream 2
Shell is one of five energy companies which each committed to provide financing and guarantees for up to 10% of the total cost of the project, with the final loan instalments having been made in the second quarter 2020. Following the first quarter 2022 announcements, Shell assessed the recoverability of the loan to Nord Stream 2, leading to a full write-down in the first quarter 2022 of the loan amounting to $1,126 million. On September 26, 2022, one of the two Nord Stream 2 pipelines ruptured resulting in a gas leak and significant damage. Investigations are now under way to determine the cause of the rupture. The rupture had no financial impact in the third quarter 2022, following the full write-down of the loan in the first quarter 2022.

Upstream

Salym

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Shell has a 50% interest in Salym Petroleum Development N.V. (Salym), a joint operation with GazpromNeft (GPN) that is developing the Salym fields in the Khanty Mansiysk Autonomous District of western Siberia. Shell consolidated its share in the joint operation. Following the first quarter announcements, Shell assessed the recoverability of the Salym carrying amounts, leading to full impairment amounting to $233 million in the first quarter 2022. In July 2022, the Shell directors of Salym resigned. Joint control was lost early in the third quarter 2022 and from that date Salym was accounted for as a financial asset at fair value, with a carrying value of zero. Pursuant to Russian legislative changes and court decisions in the second and third quarter 2022, the Russian branch of Salym has purportedly been transformed into a Russian LLC (Salym Petroleum Development Limited Liability Company). All assets, rights and obligations of the Russian branch of Salym have purportedly been transferred to that entity, of which Shell, purportedly, automatically holds 50%. On December 22, 2022, Shell signed transaction documents with GPN to sell its 50% interest in Salym Petroleum Development Limited Liability Company. Completion is subject to a number of approvals in the Russian Federation.

Gydan
Shell had a 50% interest in LLC Gydan Energy, a joint operation with GazpromNeft to explore and develop blocks in the Gydan peninsula, in north-western Siberia. This project is in the exploration phase, with no production. Following the first quarter announcements, Shell assessed the recoverability of the Gydan carrying amounts, leading to full impairment amounting to $153 million and other charges of $35 million in the first quarter 2022. During the second quarter 2022, all rights and obligations for Shell’s 50% interest were transferred to GazpromNeft with an insignificant impact on the income statement.

Marketing

Shell Neft’s retail network consisted of 240 sites owned by Shell Neft and 171 sites owned by dealers and Shell Neft operated a lubricant blending plant. Shell Neft was a 100% Shell-owned subsidiary and was fully consolidated until the date of the disposal. Following the first quarter announcements, Shell assessed the recoverability of Shell Neft carrying amounts, resulting in an impairment of non-current assets of $358 million and other charges of $236 million. In the second quarter 2022, Shell transferred all shares of Shell Neft to Lukoil leading to net charges of $83 million, including the release of currency translation losses ($343 million).

Other

Marked-to-market risk adjustments of $335 million related to long-term offtake natural gas contracts, an impairment of right-of-use assets of $114 million and other charges of $36 million were recognised in the first quarter 2022. In the second quarter 2022, further marked-to-market risk adjustments of $133 million were recognised following changes demanded to the contractual payment mechanism leading to the suspension by Gazprom of gas deliveries under these long-term offtake contracts. Finally, $140 million was recognised in income in the second quarter 2022 from the derecognition of lease liabilities following the termination of lease arrangements for which the right-of-use assets were impaired in the first quarter 2022.
9. Post-balance sheet events

On January 30, 2023, Shell announced to reduce the size of its Executive Committee from nine to seven members. Under the changes, which are expected to take effect on July 1, 2023, Shell’s Integrated Gas and Upstream businesses will be combined to form a new Integrated Gas and Upstream Directorate and the Downstream business will be combined with Renewables and Energy Solutions to form a new Downstream and Renewables Directorate. Separately, the Strategy, Sustainability and Corporate Relations Directorate will be discontinued. The changes announced do not affect Shell’s financial reporting segments, which remain unchanged.

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ALTERNATIVE PERFORMANCE (NON-GAAP) MEASURES

A.Adjusted Earnings and Adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA)

The “Adjusted Earnings” measure aims to facilitate a comparative understanding of Shell’s financial performance from period to period by removing the effects of oil price changes on inventory carrying amounts and removing the effects of identified items. These items are in some cases driven by external factors and may, either individually or collectively, hinder the comparative understanding of Shell’s financial results from period to period. This measure excludes earnings attributable to non-controlling interest.

We define “Adjusted EBITDA” as “Income/(loss) for the period” adjusted for current cost of supplies; identified items; tax charge/(credit); depreciation, amortisation and depletion; exploration well write-offs and net interest expense. All items include the non-controlling interest component. Management uses this measure to evaluate Shell's performance in the period and over time.

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Identified items

Identified items comprise: divestment gains and losses, impairments, redundancy and restructuring, provisions for onerous contracts, fair value accounting of commodity derivatives and certain gas contracts and the impact of exchange rate movements on certain deferred tax balances, and other items. Identified items in the table below are presented on a net basis.

1. Includes $(940) million related to the EU solidarity contribution.
2. Includes $(528) million related to the EU solidarity contribution and $(441) million related to the UK Energy Profits Levy. The third quarter 2022 includes $(361) million related to the UK Energy Profits Levy.
3. Includes $(2,270) million related to the EU solidarity contribution and to the UK Energy Profits Levy. The third quarter 2022 includes $(361) million related to the UK Energy Profits Levy.

The identified items categories above may include after-tax impacts of identified items of joint ventures and associates which are fully reported within "Share of profit of joint ventures and associates" in the Consolidated Statement of Income, and fully reported as identified items included in Income / (loss) before taxation in the table above. Identified items related to subsidiaries are consolidated and reported across appropriate lines of the Consolidated Statement of Income. Only pre-tax identified items reported by subsidiaries are taken into account in the calculation of underlying operating expenses (Reference F).

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Provisions for onerous contracts: Provisions for onerous contracts that relate to businesses that Shell has exited or to redundant assets or assets that cannot be used.

Fair value accounting of commodity derivatives and certain gas contracts: In the ordinary course of business, Shell enters into contracts to supply or purchase oil and gas products, as well as power and environmental products. Shell also enters into contracts for tolling, pipeline and storage capacity. Derivative contracts are entered into for mitigation of resulting economic exposures (generally price exposure) and these derivative contracts are carried at period-end market price (fair value), with movements in fair value recognised in income for the period. Supply and purchase contracts entered into for operational purposes, as well as contracts for tolling, pipeline and storage capacity, are, by contrast, recognised when the transaction occurs; furthermore, inventory is carried at historical cost or net realisable value, whichever is lower. As a consequence, accounting mismatches occur because: (a) the supply or purchase transaction is recognised in a different period, or (b) the inventory is measured on a different basis. In addition, certain contracts are, due to pricing or delivery conditions, deemed to contain embedded derivatives or written options and are also required to be carried at fair value even though they are entered into for operational purposes. The accounting impacts are reported as identified items.

Impacts of exchange rate movements on tax balances represent the impact on tax balances of exchange rate movements arising on (a) the conversion to dollars of the local currency tax base of non-monetary assets and liabilities, as well as losses (this primarily impacts the Upstream and Integrated Gas segments) and (b) the conversion of dollar-denominated inter-segment loans to local currency, leading to taxable exchange rate gains or losses (this primarily impacts the Corporate segment).

Other identified items represent other credits or charges that based on Shell management's assessment hinder the comparative understanding of Shell's financial results from period to period, including charges relating to the EU solidarity contribution and the deferred tax impact of the UK Energy Profits Levy.

B.    Adjusted Earnings per share

Adjusted Earnings per share is calculated as Adjusted Earnings (see Reference A), divided by the weighted average number of shares used as the basis for basic earnings per share (see Note 3).

C.    Cash capital expenditure

Cash capital expenditure represents cash spent on maintaining and developing assets as well as on investments in the period. Management regularly monitors this measure as a key lever to delivering sustainable cash flows. Cash capital expenditure is the sum of the following lines from the Consolidated Statement of Cash flows: Capital expenditure, Investments in joint ventures and associates and Investments in equity securities.

D.    Return on average capital employed

Return on average capital employed ("ROACE") measures the efficiency of Shell’s utilisation of the capital that it employs. Shell uses two ROACE measures: ROACE on a Net income basis and ROACE on an Adjusted Earnings plus Non-controlling interest (NCI) basis, both adjusted for after-tax interest expense.

Both measures refer to Capital employed which consists of total equity, current debt and non-current debt.

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ROACE on a Net income basis
In this calculation, the sum of income for the current and previous three quarters, adjusted for after-tax interest expense, is expressed as a percentage of the average capital employed for the same period.

ROACE on an Adjusted Earnings plus Non-controlling interest (NCI) basis

In this calculation, the sum of Adjusted Earnings (see Reference A) plus non-controlling interest (NCI) excluding identified items for the current and previous three quarters, adjusted for after-tax interest expense, is expressed as a percentage of the average capital employed for the same period.

E.    Gearing

Gearing is a measure of Shell’s capital structure and is defined as net debt as a percentage of total capital. Net debt is defined as the sum of current and non-current debt, less cash and cash equivalents, adjusted for the fair value of derivative financial instruments used to hedge foreign exchange and interest rate risks relating to debt, and associated collateral balances. Management considers this adjustment useful because it reduces the volatility of net debt caused by fluctuations in foreign exchange and interest rates, and eliminates the potential impact of related collateral payments or receipts. Debt-related derivative financial instruments are a subset of the derivative financial instrument assets and liabilities presented on the balance sheet. Collateral balances are reported under “Trade and other receivables” or “Trade and other payables” as appropriate.

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F.    Operating expenses

Operating expenses is a measure of Shell’s cost management performance, comprising the following items from the Consolidated Statement of Income: production and manufacturing expenses; selling, distribution and administrative expenses; and research and development expenses.

Underlying operating expenses is a measure aimed at facilitating a comparative understanding of performance from period to period by removing the effects of identified items, which, either individually or collectively, can cause volatility, in some cases driven by external factors.

G.    Free cash flow

Free cash flow is used to evaluate cash available for financing activities, including dividend payments and debt servicing, after investment in maintaining and growing the business. It is defined as the sum of “Cash flow from operating activities” and “Cash flow from investing activities”.

Cash flows from acquisition and divestment activities are removed from Free cash flow to arrive at the Organic free cash flow, a measure used by management to evaluate the generation of free cash flow without these activities.

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